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The Boyd Massacre occurred in December 1809 when Māori residents of Whangaroa Harbour in northern New Zealand killed and ate between 66 and 70 Europeans.〔(, ''The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 8 May 1832, retrieved 4 July 2011 )〕 This was reputedly the highest number of Europeans killed by Māori in a single event, and the incident is also one of the bloodiest instances of cannibalism on record. The massacre is thought to have been in revenge for the whipping of a young Māori chief〔(New Zealand History Online, ''The Boyd incident - a frontier of chaos?'' Retrieved 3 May 2011 )〕 by the crew of the sailing ship ''Boyd''. In retribution,〔(The Encyclopedia Of New Zealand, ''Dictionary of New Zealand Biography'', TePahi, retrieved 21 May 2011 )〕 European whalers attacked the island pa of chief Te Pahi about 60 km south-east,〔 in the possibly mistaken belief that he ordered the killings. Between 16 and 60 Maori and one European died in the clash.〔〔http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-page6631?zoomLevel=2〕 News of the events delayed the first missionary visits to the country, and caused the number of shipping visits to fall to "almost nothing" over the next few years. ==Background== The ''Boyd'' was a 395-ton (bm) brigantine convict ship that sailed in October 1809 from Australia's Sydney Cove to Whangaroa on the east coast of New Zealand's Northland Peninsula to pick up kauri spars. She was under the command of Captain John Thompson and carried about 70 people. The ship carried several passengers, including ex-convicts who had completed their transportation sentences and four or five New Zealanders who were returning to their homeland. Among the latter was Te Ara, or Tarrah, known to the crew as George, the son of a Māori chief from Whangaroa. Te Ara had spent more than a year on board different vessels that included a sealing expedition to islands in the Southern Ocean. On the ''Boyd'' he was expected to work his passage on the ship. Some accounts state that he declined to do so because he was ill or because of his status as a chief's son.〔http://homepages.ihug.co.nz/~tonyf/loot/boyd.html〕〔〔Shipwrecks and Disasters at Sea W.H.G. Kingston. George Routledge and Sons, London. 1873〕 Another account states that the ship's cook accidentally threw some pewter spoons overboard and accused Te Ara of stealing them to avoid being flogged himself.〔(The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, May 1832, page 4 )〕 Alexander Berry, in a letter describing the events, said: "The captain had been rather too hasty in resenting some slight theft."〔(A NARRATIVE OF A NINE MONTHS' RESIDENCE IN NEW ZEALAND CHAPTER XI )〕 Whatever the reason, the result was that the captain deprived him of food and had him tied to a capstan and whipped.〔 This treatment of Te Ara prompted him to seek ''utu'', or revenge. Te Ara regained the confidence of the captain and persuaded him to put into Whangaroa Bay, assuring him that it was the best place to secure the timber he desired.〔 Upon reaching Whangaroa, Te Ara reported his indignities to his tribe and displayed the whip marks on his back. In accordance with Māori customs, they formed a plan for ''utu''. Under British law, whipping was the common punishment for minor crimes. A British person could be legally hanged for stealing goods to the value of 5 shillings. In Māori culture the son of a chief was a privileged figure who did not bow to an outsider's authority. Physical punishment of a chief's son, though justified by British law, caused the chief to suffer a loss of face (or "mana"), and to Māori this warranted a violent retribution. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Boyd massacre」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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